Effects of Job Development and Job Support on Competitive Employment of Persons With Severe Mental Illness

doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1237

Psychiatr Serv 56:1237-1244, October 2005
doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1237
© 2005 American Psychiatric Association



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Article

Effects of Job Development and Job Support on Competitive Employment of Persons With Severe Mental Illness

H. Stephen Leff, Ph.D., Judith A. Cook, Ph.D., Paul B. Gold, Ph.D., Marcia Toprac, Ph.D., Crystal Blyler, Ph.D., Richard W. Goldberg, Ph.D., William McFarlane, M.D., Michael Shafer, Ph.D., I. Elaine Allen, Ph.D., Teresita Camacho-Gonsalves, Ph.D. and Barbara Raab, B.A.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have sought to determine which specificsupported employment services improve employment outcomes forpeople with pyschiatric disabilities. This study examined theeffects of job development and job support among other serviceson acquisition and retention of competitive employment. METHODS:Data used in the analysis came from seven sites of the EmploymentIntervention Demonstration Program. Employment data were collectedweekly for a period up to 24 months for 1,340 participants.A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Job developmentincreased the probability of obtaining competitive employment.The effects of job development on job acquisition remained afterthe effects of other factors were controlled for. Job supportwas associated with more months in the first competitive jobbut not total hours worked. However, no evidence for the causalrole of job support was found in analyses that tested the effectsof job support after the job support was provided. The causalrole of job support alone was also cast in doubt by the factthat a substantial overlap existed between individuals who receivedjob support and vocational counseling. CONCLUSIONS: Job developmentis a very effective service when the goal is job acquisition.Job support is associated with retention of a first competitivejob, but its causal role is questionable.

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